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The state-of-charge (SoC) of an energy storage system (ESS) should be kept in a
certain safe range for ensuring its state-of-health (SoH) as well as higher
efficiency. This procedure maximizes the power capacity of the ESSs all the times.
Furthermore, economic load dispatch (ELD) is implemented to allocate power among
various ESSs, with the aim of fully meeting the load demand and reducing the
total operating cost. In this research article, a distributed multi-agent consensus
based control algorithm is proposed for multiple battery energy storage systems
(BESSs), operating in a microgrid (MG), for fulfilling several objectives, including:
SoC trajectories tracking control, economic load dispatch, active and reactive power
sharing control, and voltage and frequency regulation (using the leader-follower
consensus approach). The proposed algorithm considers the hierarchical control
structure of the BESSs and the frequency/voltage droop controllers with limited
information exchange among the BESSs. It embodies both self and communication
time-delays, and achieves its objectives along with offering plug-and-play
capability and robustness against communication link failure. Matlab/Simulink
platform is used to test and validate the performance of the proposed algorithm
under load disturbances through extensive simulations carried out on a modified
IEEE 57-bus system. A detailed comparative analysis of the proposed distributed
control strategy is carried out with the distributed PI-based conventional control
strategy for demonstrating its superior performance.